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Perhaps paradoxically, Brandeis was no friend to big busi- ness; he fought against monopolies, attacked mass consumerism (and by extension mass production), and like Ida Tarbell believed that big businesses where a threat to society.
Ford's achievement was to bring together scientific management and the techniques of mass production which had been developed - or, more correctly, further developed - by earlier entre- preneurs such as Colt and McCormick and fashion these into a coherent system; he was, in effect, the Richard Arkwright of his time.72 Ford did not pay piece-rates or production bonuses, insisting on a standard but very high daily wage, but in most other ways he conformed to the principles of scientific management.
72 The debate as to when mass production first developed is a source of continuing discussion among management historians.
Most makers of army muskets and rifles were using standardised components by the eighteenth century, and it is possible that techniques used at the Springfield Arsenal in America informed the development of mass production by private weapons makers such as Colt.
In other words, mass production should be seen as the result of an evolu- tion, not a revolution.
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